Arjun Subramaniam is the founder and CEO of Factory Intelligence - a physical AI company training tactile foundation models for industrial manipulation. He's toured 70+ factories, deployed robots on real shop floors, and is making the contrarian bet that application-specific systems beat humanoids and general-purpose foundation models right now. His first workcell has eight robots building electrical outlets for $3/hour.

We cover:
00:00 - Intro
00:44 - What 70 factory visits taught him about deployment vs. demos
02:47 - No SLA in a research paper - why factories are a different game
04:23 - Why he put a packaging machinery veteran in the COO seat
06:34 - The "Useful Now" thesis and where the robotics narrative is wrong
08:53 - The Tesla vs. Waymo parallel for robotics
10:01 - You can't buy your way into a large enough manipulation dataset
10:27 - Why vision alone isn't enough for industrial tasks
12:54 - The pen-in-a-bin problem: why vision-only models are too slow
14:37 - Why robotics is not like LLMs - there is no single scaling law
16:32 - The application-specific full-stack quadrant: why no one else is here
17:12 - Best version of the model-first argument - and how he pushes back
19:50 - What happens to humanoids if "Useful Now" works
21:56 - Inside an electrical prefab shop - what actually happens in there
23:53 - Prefab-Cell-E1: eight robots, $3/hour, 9x productivity
24:44 - What "tailing an outlet" means - the actual task, step by step
28:01 - Wire-bending model generalizing to colors it was never trained on
29:16 - The integration trap: why custom fixtures wreck margins
31:29 - When do you know deployment economics actually work
32:08 - The data flywheel: why 50% success rate is the threshold
33:29 - Touch is filling the gap where vision saturated
35:14 - Combining neural nets with classical control - and why both matter
37:44 - The world action model: image, proprioception, tactile, action, all in
39:39 - You can't buy your way to multimodal data from the internet
40:42 - If this works: data centers on the moon

Factory Intelligence: https://factoryintelligence.com

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