In 701 BCE, Assyrian king Sennacherib launched his western campaign against Judah, bringing him into direct conflict with King Hezekiah and the political counsel of the prophet Isaiah. The decisive field battle of that year was not at Jerusalem, but at Eltekeh, where Assyrian troops defeated an Egyptian and Kushite force sent to support the rebellious Philistine city of Ekron.

This episode reconstructs the full 701 campaign from Assyrian annals and biblical accounts, beginning with the minor 702 operations in the Zagros mountains against Zamua, Parsua, and Ellipi, then following Sennacherib to the Phoenician coast. We cover the flight of Luli, king of Tyre, to Cyprus, the installation of Itobaal at Sidon, and the submission of eight Levantine rulers from Ashdod, Byblos, Ammon, Moab, Edom, and Arwad.

We then turn to Philistia: the internal coup at Ashkelon, the Ekronite revolt that handed King Padi over to Hezekiah, and Sennacherib's restoration of Padi after the victory at Eltekeh. The episode explains why Jerusalem faced only a blockade rather than a full siege, examines Isaiah's advice against an Egyptian alliance, and considers the logistical, political, and possible epidemiological reasons Sennacherib withdrew with massive tribute but without taking the city.

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Babylon had survived five destructions before Sennacherib tried to erase it for good. Why did Assyria's most bookish king — a man who loved Babylonian scholarship — finally flood the city and smash its temples in 689 BCE?

This is Oldest Stories, a biweekly deep dive into ancient Mesopotamia. Online at oldeststories.net

In this episode we trace Babylon's strange immortality: a city founded around 1894 BCE that claimed six thousand years of history by borrowing it from Eridu, the first city of the gods. We walk through each of Babylon's "deaths":

Death 1: the ritual transfer from dying Eridu to Babylon under Hammurabi's successors, making Babylon the heir to pre-Flood kingship

Death 2: the Hittite sack of 1595 BCE and decades of abandonment

The Kassite revival, when Babylon became the world's university town, exporting doctors and diviners instead of armies

The humiliations under Tukulti-Ninurta I, the Elamite sack that stole Marduk, and Nebuchadnezzar I's brief martial comeback

The long grind with Assyria: Merodach-Baladan's revolts, Sennacherib's first campaign at Cutha and Kish in 703 BCE, the puppet kings Bel-ibni and Assur-nadin-shumi, the 694 BCE boat raid on Elam, the Elamite counterstroke in 693, and the bloodbath at Halule in 691

We end with the two-year siege of Babylon, Sennacherib's decision to dig a canal through the city, and what the destruction meant for cuneiform civilization. If Babylon had stayed dead, would Mesopotamian culture have lasted longer?

This episode continues our Sennacherib series. For the rise of Sargon II, Tiglath-Pileser III, and the earlier Assyrian-Babylonian wars, see the playlist.

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Support the show:

Books: https://a.co/d/7Wn4jhS

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Sennacherib is remembered in the Bible as a villain, the Assyrian king who invaded Judah and stood against Jerusalem. But that reputation, like his father Sargon’s as a world conqueror, may be misleading. Beneath the image of the tyrant is a ruler who was unusually patient, deeply pious, and more interested in building than destroying.

In this episode of Oldest Stories, we enter the Sargonid period of the Neo-Assyrian Empire and examine the life and character of Sennacherib. Raised not as a destined king but as a highly educated noble, Sennacherib emerges as a scholar-prince shaped by scribal learning, administration, and religious devotion. Unlike many Assyrian rulers, his early career shows little involvement in military campaigns and instead reveals a man deeply embedded in the machinery of empire.

We also explore the transformation of Assyria under Sargon II and his predecessors, including the rise of centralized administration, the expansion of provincial governance, and the increasing role of eunuch officials in managing imperial bureaucracy. This was a turning point in Near Eastern history, where older systems of vassal relationships gave way to a more structured and enduring imperial model.

At the heart of the episode is the shocking death of Sargon II in 705 BC. His defeat in Tabal, and the failure to recover his body, triggered a crisis not just of leadership but of theology. In the ancient Near East, an unburied king was not merely a tragedy—it was a sign of divine judgment. Sennacherib’s response, preserved in fragments of a text known as The Sin of Sargon, reveals a ruler attempting to understand the will of the gods through systematic divination, ritual purification, and personal introspection.

From the abandonment of Dur-Sharrukin to the rise of Nineveh as imperial capital, this episode traces how Sennacherib stabilized a shaken empire and laid the groundwork for the great scholar-kings who would follow, including Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal. His reign marks a shift away from relentless expansion toward consolidation, administration, and monumental construction—developments that would shape the final century of Assyrian dominance.

This is the story of a king caught between fear and order, between divine wrath and imperial responsibility, and of an empire learning how to govern itself at scale.

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