Episode Summary:

In this episode of Explaining History, Nick talks to cultural historian Alwyn Turner about his latest book, Shellshock Nation: Britain Between the Wars.

We often remember the 1930s as W.H. Auden's "low, dishonest decade"—a time of mass unemployment, hunger marches, and the looming shadow of fascism. But was it really all doom and gloom? Alwyn argues that for many in Britain, the interwar years were a period of vibrant creativity, rising living standards, and the birth of modern consumer culture.

From the explosion of paperback books and the popularity of greyhound racing to the abdication crisis and the fear of aerial bombardment, we explore the complexities of a society caught between the trauma of the First World War and the terror of the Second. Was the British Union of Fascists really a threat? Why did the public cling to appeasement? And how did a nation that prided itself on being "non-political" navigate the age of extremes?

Key Topics:

• The Devil's Decade: Reassessing the 1930s beyond the Depression.
• The Abdication Crisis: Why the public accepted the departure of the "Playboy Prince."
• The Paperback Revolution: How Penguin Books democratized reading.
• The Shadow of the Bomber: How the fear of air war changed British psychology.

Books Mentioned:

• Shellshock Nation by Alwyn Turner
• The Morbid Age by Richard Overy
• The Intellectual Life of the British Working Classes by Jonathan Rose

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Episode Summary:

In this episode of Explaining History, Nick explores the social and historical roots of the fascist foot soldier. Who are the young men who join paramilitary organizations, and what drives them?

Following the shocking execution of Renée Good by ICE agents in Minnesota, we draw parallels between the modern American far-right and the Nazi Brownshirts (SA) of the 1920s and 30s. We examine how resentment, loss of status, and the "psychological wage" of whiteness fuel the recruitment of disaffected men into forces of state repression.

From the "stab in the back" myth in Weimar Germany to the "Great Replacement" theory in Trump's America, Nick argues that fascism thrives on a sense of grievance and the promise of restored dominance. Is ICE becoming the shock troops of a new authoritarianism, designed not just to enforce borders but to provoke civil conflict?

Plus: A recap of our successful Russian Revolution Masterclass and details on the upcoming session on Post-War America!

Key Topics:

• The Brownshirt Demographic: Why bored, angry young men flocked to the SA.
• Fascism as Struggle: The ideology of constant battle and radicalization.
• The Psychological Wage: W.E.B. Du Bois on why poor whites defend racial hierarchy.
• ICE as Agent Provocateur: How paramilitary violence is being used to justify martial law.

Announcements:

• Patreon: Listen ad-free for £5/month.
• Masterclass: Tickets for the Post-War America (1945-74) session are coming soon!

Explaining History helps you understand the 20th Century through critical conversations and expert interviews. We connect the past to the present. If you enjoy the show, please subscribe and share.

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Episode Summary:

In this episode of Explaining History, Nick continues his exploration of the twilight of the Ottoman Empire. We shift our focus to North Africa, where a newly unified Italy sought to satisfy its imperial ambitions by seizing Libya—the Ottomans' last foothold on the continent.

Drawing on Eugene Rogan's The Fall of the Ottomans, we examine the invasion of 1911 and the fierce guerrilla resistance led by the Young Turk officer Enver Pasha. From his alliance with the mystical Senussi Brotherhood to his use of Islam as a mobilizing force against European colonialism, Enver's campaign in the desert foreshadowed the tactics of the First World War.

Nick also discusses the broader geopolitical fallout: how Italy's aggression exposed Ottoman weakness, triggering the Balkan Wars and setting the stage for the catastrophic collapse of 1914. Was the seizure of Libya the first domino in the chain reaction that led to the Great War?

Plus: A final call for history students! Our Russian Revolution Masterclass is this Sunday, January 25th. Don't miss out on this deep dive into exam technique and historical argument.

Key Topics:

• The Italian Invasion: Why a "liberal" Italy launched a brutal colonial war.
• Enver Pasha: The secular Young Turk who became a desert warrior.
• The Senussi Brotherhood: The Islamic order that fought alongside the Ottomans.
• The Balkan Card: How the war in Libya triggered the collapse of Ottoman power in Europe.

Books Mentioned:

• The Fall of the Ottomans by Eugene Rogan

Explaining History helps you understand the 20th Century through critical conversations and expert interviews. We connect the past to the present. If you enjoy the show, please subscribe and share.

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