In this episode, Dr. Lottie talks about tetanus. How disease develops, why the clinical signs differ between species, what we can actually do to treat it and what the best prevention methods are.

Find us on TikTok & Instagram: @veterinaryvista

Timeline:

00:00 Intro

00:43 Case

01:50 Aetiology & Pathogenesis

05:29 Clinical Signs

08:01 Diagnosis

11:54 Treatment

16:19 Prevention

19:13 Key Points

20:46 Outro

Recommended Reading

• ‘Chapter 14 - Diseases of the Nervous System’ – in Veterinary Medicine - A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Pigs and Goats
• ‘Tetanus’ – in Blackwell’s Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Equine

References

• Popoff, M.R. (2020) ‘Tetanus in animals’, Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 32(2), pp. 184–191. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1040638720906814.
• Linnenbrink, T. and McMichael, M. (2006) ‘Tetanus: pathophysiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and update on new treatment modalities’, Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, 16(3), pp. 199–207. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-4431.2006.00192.x.
• Gohari, I.M. and Prescott, J.F. (2022) ‘Clostridium’, in Veterinary Microbiology. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 309–334. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119650836.ch34.
• Burkitt, J.M. et al. (2007) ‘Risk factors associated with outcome in dogs with tetanus: 38 cases (1987–2005)’, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 230(1), pp. 76–83. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.230.1.76.
• Chase, C. et al. (2017) Blackwell’s Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Ruminant. Newark, UNITED STATES: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated.
• Lavoie, J.-P. (2020) Blackwell’s Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Equine. Third. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Tilley, L.P. and Smith, F.W.K. (2011) Blackwell’s Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline. Hoboken, UNITED STATES: Wiley.
• Constable, P.D. et al. (2017) ‘Chapter 14 - Diseases of the Nervous System’, in Veterinary Medicine - A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Pigs and Goats. 11th edn. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier.

Current Vet is an educational podcast intended for veterinary students, veterinary professionals, and individuals with an interest in veterinary medicine.

All content provided in this podcast and its associated materials is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as, and must not be considered a substitute for, professional veterinary advice, diagnosis, or treatment.

Any clinical cases discussed in this podcast are fictional, and are designed to reflect typical or likely clinical scenarios for educational purposes. They do not represent specific real-life cases, clients, or animals.

While every effort is made to ensure accuracy and alignment with current evidence at the time of publication, veterinary medicine is a rapidly evolving field, and recommendations may change over time

In this episode of Current Vet, Dr Lottie talks about Jaagsiekte, also known as Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma (OPA)

Find us on TikTok & Instagram: @veterinaryvista

Timeline:

• 00:00 Intro
• 00:56 Case
• 03:48 Aetiology & Pathogenesis
• 06:25 Clinical Signs
• 08:28 Diagnosis
• 12:34 Treatment
• 16:53 Current Research
• 18:09 Key Points
• 19:44 Outro

Recommended Reading

• World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH). (2023). Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma (Jaagsiekte). In Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. WOAH PDF
• Cousens, C., et al. (2024). Tracking Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma Development Using an Experimental Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus Infection Model. Genes, 15(8), 1019. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15081019
• O’Conor, K. & Chase, C. C. L., (2020). 5-Minute Veterinary Consult: Ruminant, 2nd edn. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 582-583. Constable, P. D., Hinchcliff, K. W., Done, S. H. & Grünberg, W., (2021). Veterinary Medicine: A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Pigs and Goats, 11th edn. Elsevier, pp. 977–979.

References

• Toma, C. et al. (2025). Overexpression of IL-6 and STAT3 may provide new insights into ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma development. BMC Veterinary Research, 21, 29.
• Cousens, C., et al. (2024). Tracking Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma Development Using an Experimental Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus Infection Model*.* Genes, 15(8), 1019. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15081019.
• World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH). (2023) Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma (Jaagsiekte). In: Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. WOAH, Paris. Available at: https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/fr/Health_standards/tahm/3.07.08_OPA.pdf
• O’Conor, K. & Chase, C. C. L., (2020). 5-Minute Veterinary Consult: Ruminant, 2nd edn. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 582-583.
• Constable, P. D., Hinchcliff, K. W., Done, S. H. & Grünberg, W., (2021). Veterinary Medicine: A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Pigs and Goats, 11th edn. Elsevier, pp. 977–979.

Current Vet is an educational podcast intended for veterinary students, veterinary professionals, and individuals with an interest in veterinary medicine.

All content provided in this podcast and its associated materials is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as, and must not be considered a substitute for, professional veterinary advice, diagnosis, or treatment.

Any clinical cases discussed in this podcast are fictional, and are designed to reflect typical or likely clinical scenarios for educational purposes. They do not represent specific real-life cases, clients, or animals.

While every effort is made to ensure accuracy and alignment with current evidence at the time of publication, veterinary medicine is a rapidly evolving field, and recommendations may change over time.

In this episode, Dr. Lottie talks about one of the most common endocrine disorders in small animal practice — Cushing’s disease

Find us on TikTok & Instagram: @veterinaryvista

Timeline:

• 00:00 Intro
• 00:31 Case
• 01:24 Aetiology & Pathogenesis
• 05:08 Clinical Signs
• 06:29 Diagnosis
• 13:21 Treatment
• 16:38 Recommendations
• 17:26 Key Points
• 18:54 Outro

Recommended Reading

• ACVIM Consensus Statement (2013)
• Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2020): Small Animal Internal Medicine
• Feldman, E.C. and Nelson, R.W. (2014): Canine and Feline Endocrinology
• Veterinary Partner (VIN Foundation, open access)
• AAHA (2023): Selected Endocrinopathies Guidelines

References

• Behrend, E.N., Kooistra, H.S., Nelson, R., Reusch, C.E. and Scott-Moncrieff, J.C., 2013. Diagnosis of spontaneous canine hyperadrenocorticism: 2012 ACVIM consensus statement (small animal). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 27(6), pp.1292–1304. doi:10.1111/jvim.12192.
• Behrend, E.N., 2015. Canine hyperadrenocorticism. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice, 30(1), pp.41–47. doi:10.1053/j.ctsap.2014.10.005.
• Feldman, E.C. and Nelson, R.W., 2014. Canine and Feline Endocrinology. 4th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders.
• Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G., 2020. Small Animal Internal Medicine. 6th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier.
• Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E.C., 2017. Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 8th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders.
• Veterinary Partner, VIN Foundation. 2025. Cushing’s Disease (Hyperadrenocorticism) in Dogs. [online] Available at: https://veterinarypartner.vin.com/ [Accessed 5 Sept. 2025].
• American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA), 2023. AAHA Selected Endocrinopathies of Dogs and Cats Guidelines – Canine Hypercortisolism (Cushing’s Syndrome). Lakewood, CO: AAHA. Available at: https://www.aaha.org/resources/2023-aaha-selected-endocrinopathies-of-dogs-and-cats-guidelines/canine-hypercortisolism-cushings-syndrome/ [Accessed 5 Sept. 2025].

Current Vet is an educational podcast intended for veterinary students, veterinary professionals, and individuals with an interest in veterinary medicine.

All content provided in this podcast and its associated materials is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as, and must not be considered a substitute for, professional veterinary advice, diagnosis, or treatment.

Any clinical cases discussed in this podcast are fictional, and are designed to reflect typical or likely clinical scenarios for educational purposes. They do not represent specific real-life cases, clients, or animals.

While every effort is made to ensure accuracy and alignment with current evidence at the time of publication, veterinary medicine is a rapidly evolving field, and recommendations may change over time