Listen free for 30 days
-
Understanding the Dark Side of Human Nature
- Narrated by: Professor Daniel Breyer
- Length: 12 hrs and 8 mins
- Categories: Health & Wellness, Psychology & Mental Health
People who bought this also bought...
-
Language and the Mind
- By: Spencer D. Kelly, The Great Courses
- Narrated by: Spencer D. Kelly
- Length: 11 hrs and 50 mins
- Original Recording
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
What is our species' greatest invention? Medicine, computers, space travel? Not even close. The innovation that underlies each of our past achievements and those we still aspire to is language. Language is the ultimate invention of Homo sapiens - one that has allowed us to change the physical and social world around us in every conceivable way, and an invention that has fundamentally changed us, as well.
-
-
Interesting and at a good pace
- By R. B. Colver on 22-02-21
-
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Daily Life
- By: Jason M. Satterfield, The Great Courses
- Narrated by: Professor Jason M. Satterfield
- Length: 12 hrs and 24 mins
- Original Recording
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
In the 24 compelling half-hour lectures of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Daily Life, Professor Jason Satterfield will help you build your cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) toolbox, giving you the skills you need to change those stories that hold you back and that keep you from experiencing your fullest life possible.
-
The Dead Sea Scrolls
- By: Gary A. Rendsburg, The Great Courses
- Narrated by: Gary A. Rendsburg
- Length: 12 hrs and 21 mins
- Original Recording
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
Whether complete or only fragmentary, the 930 extant Dead Sea Scrolls irrevocably altered how we look at and understand the foundations of faith and religious practice. Now you can get a comprehensive introduction to this unique series of archaeological documents, and to scholars' evolving understanding of their authorship and significance, with these 24 lectures. Learn what the scrolls are, what they contain, and how the insights they offered into religious and ancient history came into focus.
-
-
Excellent: Much More Than The Dead Sea Scrolls
- By Jonathan on 29-03-15
-
The Real History of Secret Societies
- By: Professor Richard B. Spence, The Great Courses
- Narrated by: Professor Richard B. Spence
- Length: 12 hrs and 21 mins
- Original Recording
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
Welcome to The Real History of Secret Societies, a historical look at the true-life groups which, if you believe the myths, are the unspoken power behind some of the world’s major turning points, from controlling the British crown to holding back the electric car and keeping Martians and Atlantis under wraps. Prepare yourself. In this course brought to you in partnership with HISTORY®, you will be visiting some of history’s deepest rabbit-holes, across centuries and continents, in search of secret societies in all their varieties.
-
-
Entertaining/Informative
- By j t connolly on 26-11-20
-
The Philosopher's Toolkit: How to Be the Most Rational Person in Any Room
- By: Patrick Grim, The Great Courses
- Narrated by: Patrick Grim
- Length: 12 hrs and 2 mins
- Original Recording
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
Taught by award-winning Professor Patrick Grim of the State University of New York at Stony Brook, The Philosopher’s Toolkit: How to Be the Most Rational Person in Any Room arms you against the perils of bad thinking and supplies you with an arsenal of strategies to help you be more creative, logical, inventive, realistic, and rational in all aspects of your daily life.
-
-
it's a recording of a seminar
- By Adam colley on 15-02-20
-
Theories of Knowledge: How to Think About What You Know
- By: Joseph H. Shieber, The Great Courses
- Narrated by: Joseph H. Shieber
- Length: 11 hrs and 28 mins
- Original Recording
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
Delve into the exciting field of “epistemology”, the philosophical term for our inquiry into knowledge: what it is, the ways we acquire it, and how we justify our beliefs as knowledge. Taught by acclaimed Professor Joseph H. Shieber of Lafayette College, these 24 mind-bending lectures take you from ancient philosophers to contemporary neurobiologists, and from wide-ranging social networks to the deepest recesses of your own brain.
-
-
Fascinating
- By tfcdzemxvn on 06-01-20
-
Language and the Mind
- By: Spencer D. Kelly, The Great Courses
- Narrated by: Spencer D. Kelly
- Length: 11 hrs and 50 mins
- Original Recording
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
What is our species' greatest invention? Medicine, computers, space travel? Not even close. The innovation that underlies each of our past achievements and those we still aspire to is language. Language is the ultimate invention of Homo sapiens - one that has allowed us to change the physical and social world around us in every conceivable way, and an invention that has fundamentally changed us, as well.
-
-
Interesting and at a good pace
- By R. B. Colver on 22-02-21
-
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Daily Life
- By: Jason M. Satterfield, The Great Courses
- Narrated by: Professor Jason M. Satterfield
- Length: 12 hrs and 24 mins
- Original Recording
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
In the 24 compelling half-hour lectures of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Daily Life, Professor Jason Satterfield will help you build your cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) toolbox, giving you the skills you need to change those stories that hold you back and that keep you from experiencing your fullest life possible.
-
The Dead Sea Scrolls
- By: Gary A. Rendsburg, The Great Courses
- Narrated by: Gary A. Rendsburg
- Length: 12 hrs and 21 mins
- Original Recording
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
Whether complete or only fragmentary, the 930 extant Dead Sea Scrolls irrevocably altered how we look at and understand the foundations of faith and religious practice. Now you can get a comprehensive introduction to this unique series of archaeological documents, and to scholars' evolving understanding of their authorship and significance, with these 24 lectures. Learn what the scrolls are, what they contain, and how the insights they offered into religious and ancient history came into focus.
-
-
Excellent: Much More Than The Dead Sea Scrolls
- By Jonathan on 29-03-15
-
The Real History of Secret Societies
- By: Professor Richard B. Spence, The Great Courses
- Narrated by: Professor Richard B. Spence
- Length: 12 hrs and 21 mins
- Original Recording
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
Welcome to The Real History of Secret Societies, a historical look at the true-life groups which, if you believe the myths, are the unspoken power behind some of the world’s major turning points, from controlling the British crown to holding back the electric car and keeping Martians and Atlantis under wraps. Prepare yourself. In this course brought to you in partnership with HISTORY®, you will be visiting some of history’s deepest rabbit-holes, across centuries and continents, in search of secret societies in all their varieties.
-
-
Entertaining/Informative
- By j t connolly on 26-11-20
-
The Philosopher's Toolkit: How to Be the Most Rational Person in Any Room
- By: Patrick Grim, The Great Courses
- Narrated by: Patrick Grim
- Length: 12 hrs and 2 mins
- Original Recording
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
Taught by award-winning Professor Patrick Grim of the State University of New York at Stony Brook, The Philosopher’s Toolkit: How to Be the Most Rational Person in Any Room arms you against the perils of bad thinking and supplies you with an arsenal of strategies to help you be more creative, logical, inventive, realistic, and rational in all aspects of your daily life.
-
-
it's a recording of a seminar
- By Adam colley on 15-02-20
-
Theories of Knowledge: How to Think About What You Know
- By: Joseph H. Shieber, The Great Courses
- Narrated by: Joseph H. Shieber
- Length: 11 hrs and 28 mins
- Original Recording
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
Delve into the exciting field of “epistemology”, the philosophical term for our inquiry into knowledge: what it is, the ways we acquire it, and how we justify our beliefs as knowledge. Taught by acclaimed Professor Joseph H. Shieber of Lafayette College, these 24 mind-bending lectures take you from ancient philosophers to contemporary neurobiologists, and from wide-ranging social networks to the deepest recesses of your own brain.
-
-
Fascinating
- By tfcdzemxvn on 06-01-20
-
The Great Questions of Philosophy and Physics
- By: Steven Gimbel, The Great Courses
- Narrated by: Steven Gimbel
- Length: 6 hrs and 10 mins
- Original Recording
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
Philosophers have long puzzled over the nature of space, time, and matter. These inquiries led to the flowering of physics with the Scientific Revolution in the 17th century. Since then, the spectacular success of modern physics might appear to have made philosophy irrelevant. But new theories have created a new range of philosophical concerns: What is the shape of space? Is time travel possible? Is there a grand unified theory that unites all of physics?
-
-
excellent and witty reading.
- By steve on 12-02-21
-
Building Your Resilience
- Finding Meaning in Adversity
- By: Molly Birkholm, The Great Courses
- Narrated by: Molly Birkholm
- Length: 12 hrs and 43 mins
- Original Recording
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
Do you ever wish you could just get rid of all of your problems? Research shows that we grow into our best and most joyful selves not when we avoid our problems but when we embrace them, confident that we are resilient enough to work through them to an appropriate resolution. Resilience is our ability to physically, emotionally, and mentally bounce back from adverse circumstances. In fact, our capacity to thrive in life depends directly our resilience.
-
-
Heavy on anecdotes, light on science
- By Robert S Billington on 14-03-20
-
Neuroscience of Everyday Life
- By: The Great Courses
- Narrated by: Professor Sam Wang
- Length: 17 hrs and 55 mins
- Original Recording
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
Your nervous system is you. All the thoughts, perceptions, moods, passions, and dreams that make you an active, sentient being are the work of this amazing network of cells. For many centuries, people knew this was true. But no one was sure how it happened. Now, thanks to the exciting new field of neuroscience, we can chart the workings of the brain and the rest of the nervous system in remarkable detail to explain how neurons, synapses, neurotransmitters, and other biological processes produce all the experiences of everyday life, in every stage of life.
-
-
Disappointing
- By Susan Harvey on 23-05-20
-
Being Human: Life Lessons from the Frontiers of Science
- By: Robert Sapolsky, The Great Courses
- Narrated by: The Great Courses
- Length: 5 hrs and 53 mins
- Original Recording
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
Understanding our humanity - the essence of who we are - is one of the deepest mysteries and biggest challenges in modern science. Why do we have bad moods? Why are we capable of having such strange dreams? How can metaphors in our language hold such sway on our actions? As we learn more about the mechanisms of human behavior through evolutionary biology, neuroscience, anthropology, and other related fields, we're discovering just how intriguing the human species is.
-
-
Life Lessons from the Frontiers of Science
- By Andy B on 13-11-15
-
Understanding the Brain
- By: Jeanette Norden, The Great Courses
- Narrated by: Jeanette Norden
- Length: 18 hrs and 28 mins
- Original Recording
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
Considering everything the brain does, how can it possibly be the source of our personalities, dreams, thoughts, sensations, utterances, and movements? Understanding the Brain, a 36-lecture course by award-winning Professor Jeanette Norden of Vanderbilt University, takes you inside this astonishingly complex organ and shows you how it works. With its combination of neurology, biology, and psychology, this course helps you understand how we perceive the world through our senses, how we move, how we learn and remember, and how emotions affect our thoughts and actions.
-
-
Tedious
- By Steve M. on 07-06-20
-
No Excuses: Existentialism and the Meaning of Life
- By: Robert C. Solomon, The Great Courses
- Narrated by: Robert C. Solomon
- Length: 12 hrs and 7 mins
- Original Recording
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
What is life? What is my place in it? What choices do these questions obligate me to make? More than a half-century after it burst upon the intellectual scene - with roots that extend to the mid-19th century - Existentialism's quest to answer these most fundamental questions of individual responsibility, morality, and personal freedom, life has continued to exert a profound attraction.
-
-
Excellent overview
- By Dave Kinsella on 03-03-16
-
Understanding Complexity
- By: Scott E. Page, The Great Courses
- Narrated by: Scott E. Page
- Length: 6 hrs and 4 mins
- Original Recording
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
Recent years have seen the introduction of concepts from the new and exciting field of complexity science that have captivated the attention of economists, sociologists, engineers, businesspeople, and many others. These include tipping points, the wisdom of crowds, six degrees of separation (or Kevin Bacon), and emergence. Complexity science can shed light on why businesses or economies succeed and fail, how epidemics spread and can be stopped, and what causes ecological systems to rebalance themselves after a disaster.
-
-
A new way of seeing the world around you
- By Drashti S. on 03-02-20
-
Shocking Psychological Studies and the Lessons They Teach
- By: Thad Polk, The Great Courses
- Narrated by: Thad Polk
- Length: 3 hrs and 5 mins
- Original Recording
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
Professor Thad Polk, of the University of Michigan, invites you to join him for Shocking Psychological Studies and the Lessons They Teach, a six-lecture course exploring a range of shocking psychological experiments from the past that have nonetheless contributed significant insight into the human condition. Dr. Polk elucidates the contemporary ethical principles now in place to protect both subjects and science, but admits that with every new technological and scientific advancement, there also comes a new set of ethical conundrums for researchers to grapple with.
-
Understanding the Mysteries of Human Behavior
- By: Mark Leary, The Great Courses
- Narrated by: Mark Leary
- Length: 12 hrs and 11 mins
- Original Recording
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
Every day of your life is spent surrounded by mysteries that involve what appear to be rather ordinary human behaviors. What makes you happy? Where did your personality come from? Why do you have trouble controlling certain behaviors? Why do you behave differently as an adult than you did as an adolescent?Since the start of recorded history, and probably even before, people have been interested in answering questions about why we behave the way we do.
-
-
Some useful lectures
- By Sina Madani on 27-03-18
-
The Pagan World
- Ancient Religions Before Christianity
- By: Hans-Friedrich Mueller, The Great Courses
- Narrated by: Hans-Friedrich Mueller
- Length: 12 hrs and 34 mins
- Original Recording
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
In The Pagan World: Ancient Religions Before Christianity, you will meet the fascinating, ancient polytheistic peoples of the Mediterranean and beyond, their many gods and goddesses, and their public and private worship practices, as you come to appreciate the foundational role religion played in their lives. Professor Hans-Friedrich Mueller, of Union College in Schenectady, New York, makes this ancient world come alive in 24 lectures with captivating stories of intrigue, artifacts, illustrations, and detailed descriptions from primary sources of intriguing personalities.
-
-
Thoroughly Enjoyable and Informative
- By Kindle Customer on 26-05-20
-
Survival Mentality: The Psychology of Staying Alive
- By: Nancy Zarse, The Great Courses
- Narrated by: Professor Nancy Zarse
- Length: 5 hrs and 58 mins
- Original Recording
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
In Survival Mentality: The Psychology of Staying Alive, you’ll not only explore survival skills and strategies, but you’ll also hear the stories of individuals who used those techniques to survive real-world situations. Through the details of their stories, Professor Zarse helps you identify the psychological factors that served them best.
-
-
Good but not quite what I expected
- By Sara on 07-08-20
-
Mind-Body Philosophy
- By: Patrick Grim, The Great Courses
- Narrated by: Patrick Grim
- Length: 12 hrs and 22 mins
- Original Recording
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
How is it that our brain creates all the subjective experiences of our lives every single day - the experiences we call reality? That is the mind-body problem. In Mind-Body Philosophy, Professor Patrick Grim of the State University of New York at Stony Brook leads an intellectually exhilarating tour through millennia of philosophy and science addressing one of life's greatest conundrums. But you won't just be a spectator as Dr. Grim engages and encourages each of us to come to our own conclusions.
-
-
Makes philosophical concepts accessible.
- By jannine on 31-08-17
Summary
Hardly a day goes by that we don’t hear about someone committing a violent, reprehensible, even evil, act. And each time it happens, before we know anything about the circumstances, we are already sure of one thing: We are nothing like that perpetrator. But how can we be so sure? After all, we are all human.
In Understanding the Dark Side of Human Nature, Professor Daniel Breyer takes us on a fascinating philosophical journey into many of the deepest and darkest questions that have engaged humanity for millennia. The dark side of our nature is our mysterious and fragile underbelly - our negative, but all too human, side. For many of us, it may be easier to simply avoid looking into the darker aspects of ourselves and our world - the suffering we see everywhere around us, from real world events to the entertainment we consume. But the truth is, if we don’t face the totality of what it means to be human, we can never fully understand ourselves or fully appreciate our deep desire for meaning and purpose in our lives.
Thinkers from across the world and in many different eras have considered the dark side of human nature, and that’s why this course will adopt a cross-cultural approach, investigating perspectives from many different traditions - Hindu, Buddhist, Christian, and secular. This cross-cultural approach will help you see humanity as fully as possible from many perspectives, better allowing for progress toward finding answers that can apply across cultures and times.
This course is fueled by the power of questions, one of philosophy’s most potent tools. Some are questions we have all asked ourselves: Why do so many people commit violence against others, why is there so much suffering in the world? Professor Breyer provides some fascinating potential answers to many of our darkest questions.
PLEASE NOTE: When you purchase this title, the accompanying PDF will be available in your Audible Library along with the audio.
What listeners say about Understanding the Dark Side of Human Nature
Reviews - Please select the tabs below to change the source of reviews.
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
- C M Pihl
- 10-09-19
Vegans... why bother...
It wasn't as engaging as most of the other courses I've heard, but not the worst.
There was however, a lot of excusing for ones bad thoughts, so instead of delving deep into the human psyche, it became a bland overview of the authors opinion about dark thoughts... and his apparent "bad thoughts" about meat... it makes me seriously question the mental capabilities of vegetarians, when the fact that you couldn't stop eating a bit of meat, fills so much in a class about The Dark Side of Human Nature.
Jokes aside, the philosophical aspects were many and interesting, but focused mostly on excusing emotions like anger and hate, instead of delving into the evolutionary reasons for these emotions and the seemingly contradictory actions they entail.
meh, just my initial thoughts, but would still says it's worth a listen, especially if you have propblems with bad thoughts, instead of just finding the subject interesting.
9 people found this helpful
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
- J. Leach
- 16-07-20
Very interesting
Journey through dark thoughts and behaviour, what they are and their nature.
Very interesting and thought provoking
Well presented and structured
Recommend
1 person found this helpful
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story

- Anonymous User
- 09-09-19
A Great Cross-Cultural Conversation
This is an absolutely fantastic course! What makes the course especially compelling is that it asks us to engage in a great conversation with thinkers of all kinds from many different intellectual traditions about some really fascinating topics. The professor asks us to think for ourselves while presenting interesting ideas, thought-provoking arguments, and intriguing scientific studies. The lectures also tell captivating stories that helped me understand even the most challenging and abstract material. I would give the course my highest recommendation!
Some reviews suggest that the course is on "old religious ideas" or that it's not as described or that it's really just on Buddhism and Hinduism. Some reviews have even complained that the course is on philosophy! These claims are all deeply puzzling to me. They are also all inaccurate. The course is, as described, a cross-cultural philosophical exploration of the dark side of human nature. As such, it engages with many different philosophical traditions, including a lot of contemporary philosophy, but what's actually surprising is how much the course engages with contemporary work in cognitive science, social psychology, and evolutionary psychology. The course is like nothing I've ever encountered in my studies. It is, as another reviewer put it, "a remarkable achievement.'
135 people found this helpful
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story

- Wayne
- 14-06-20
Good enough!
This book contains 24 half-hour lectures each on a different topic by philosophy professor Daniel Breyer. Although I found some of the lectures interesting and helpful other were not. There is certainly nothing earth shattering.
14 people found this helpful
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story

- Mark
- 01-01-20
Theories of Darkness
The brief promotional video the Teaching Company prepared advertising this lecture series might lead listeners to expect something very dark indeed. What we get, however, is an upbeat academic survey of theories and perspectives on the human condition drawn from a variety of philosophers, psychologists and faith traditions. The breadth of Professor Breyer’s scholarship is certainly impressive, but there is not much in-depth critical analysis being offered. Most often we are presented with a variety of viewpoints on a topic (evil, ignorance, existential anxiety, etc.), then asked, “Well, what do you think?” The one exception is a hint of prescription when Breyer discusses Buddhist and Hindu perspectives, neither of which is evaluated with any rigour. To be fair, this course did make me think, but it’s more like a catalogue of conceptual frameworks for investigating the dark side of human nature than it is a study of the dark side itself.
25 people found this helpful
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story

- David L Anderson
- 28-08-19
Superb Course!!
This is a superb course, one of the very best from TGC! Before evaluating the quality of the lectures, consider the challenge of creating a course with such scope. This is not a typical university course with a well-established, standard curriculum. It is an unusual and challenging topic requiring considerable originality and creative content choices. Dr. Breyer has done a remarkable job, relying on his impressive breadth of training in the Classics, the history of philosophy from the stoics to contemporary philosophy (including ethics and philosophy of moral psychology), religious traditions including Christianity, Taoism, Hinduism and Buddhism, and a great deal of recent research in cognitive psychology. It would be much easier (and more superficial) to create a laundry list of different kinds of social deviants (as one critical reviewer suggested) resulting in a catalog of “criminal profiles.” Instead, Breyer has taken on the more substantive task of understanding the role of evil in all dimensions of human existence, not just in the criminally insane (although he addresses this), but also in each one of us.
Most remarkable is the way the course takes us to the very heart of the dark side of human nature while at the same time providing powerful insights to help us overcome our own dark tendencies to become more empathetic and self-reflective people. The course provides a fine-grained analysis of different concepts of evil from religious, moral, behavioral, and psychological perspectives. Attention is given to its impact on our lives with respect to our fears, our grief, our dreams, and our struggles with self-deception and weakness of will. Evil can destroy lives: Not only those who are victimized by it but also by those who are infected by it. Insightful lectures on revenge, anger, forgiveness, and redemption provide a helpful guide to mastering evil even as it threatens to destroy us. This course is a remarkable achievement that I highly recommend.
110 people found this helpful
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story

- RB.
- 02-01-20
A must listen.
The title can be a bit misleading at first but The book provides tremendous insight into why many people behave as they do, fosters empathy, and is explained in a very logical way through multiple points of view. Is an excellent listen. Top 3 out of the dozens I’ve listened to so far.
19 people found this helpful
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story

- Kindle Customer
- 11-12-19
Great series of thought provoking lectures.
If you are a junkie for bite sized philosophy, this lecture is for you. Each piece was thoughtfully delivered and consistent despite oftentimes containing different philosophers' points of view. I highly recommend this to anyone who is a lover of philosophy, theology, or the human condition in general.
8 people found this helpful
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story

- Listener
- 30-07-19
Dark, Informative, and Extremely Well Done
This course is wonderful, informative, and very insightful. This course is NOT just about old theology and morality. These courses (especially if you listen to ALL of them) are highly informative about moral psychology and explores not only cross-cultural views (which isn't typical at all) but also cutting edge work in philosophy and psychology. From the first lesson to the last it just kept getting better. Dr. Breyer is obviously well versed in his subject matter and the stories and examples he shares makes the course that much more enjoyable.
59 people found this helpful
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story

- Kitty
- 22-08-19
Lots to think about
I've enjoyed this. I struggled in the beginning of the course a little bit. Stick with it! The later lectures, are so worth it, and the early lectures build necessary context for later ok ones. I've learned a lot about myself and others from the first listen through. I'll probably listen to this again in a few months time to let it sink in more deeply.
38 people found this helpful
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story

- Gary M. Hale
- 31-12-19
Misleading Title
I kept waiting for him to get around to actually "understanding the dark side of human nature"...He never got there. He explained an awful lot of Buddhist and Hindu philosophy but didn't do much to explain Hitlerism or Charles Manson. Frankly, I was bored much of the time. This is a great lecture series for college sophomores to listen to and say, "Wow, that's deep man".
34 people found this helpful
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story

- Robert Levit
- 04-01-20
Only the first chapter really discusses "evil".
A rather extensive survey of philosophy, but only the first chapter really discusses evil per se. The remainder of the course is a exposé of various philosophical systems that surround and impact on the problem of evil, but only help clarify it a bit. It did seem like the professor was trying to fill a semester of classes. He never really concludes whether evil is an intrinsic (evolutionary) pattern of behavior or circumstantial based on human experience.
24 people found this helpful