Episodes

  • The Roman Glassmakers

    The Roman Glassmakers
    Jun 16 2026
    In this episode of Build Like a Roman, we look at the Roman glassmaker, not of fancy vases and goblets, but down to earth windows glass. Many people aren't aware that the Romans even had glass in their windows. Not only did they have glass, it was more common than it was centuries later, in medieval times.Support the podcast: ☕ Buy Me a Coffee - https://ko-fi.com/buildlikearomanPatreon https://www.patreon.com/c/BuildLikeARomanGlossary - Episode 19: Vitriarius, the Roman Glass MakerVitriariusA Roman glass worker or glass maker. From vitrum, meaning glass.SpeculariusA worker associated with specularia, meaning translucent panes or window-like sheets.SpeculariaRoman window panes or translucent panels.VitrumLatin for glass.OfficinaA workshop, workplace, or production space.FurnaceThe high-temperature structure used to melt or reheat glass. Roman glassworking required intense heat, often around 1,000°C.CrucibleA heat-resistant vessel used to hold molten glass or other materials during high-temperature work.Molten glassGlass heated until it becomes soft, viscous, and workable.Casting stoneA flat working surface onto which molten glass could be poured and spread to form a pane.CulletBroken or waste glass reused in glass production. Recycling cullet reduced the need for expensive imported raw glass.NatronA naturally occurring soda-rich mineral used as a flux in Roman glassmaking. It helped lower the melting temperature of silica.Primary glass productionThe large-scale making of raw glass from ingredients such as silica, natron, and lime. Major centres were in the eastern Mediterranean, especially Egypt and the Levant.Secondary glass productionThe reworking of raw glass chunks or recycled glass into finished objects such as vessels, beads, or window panes.LevantThe eastern Mediterranean region, including areas such as modern Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, and Jordan.FreedmanA formerly enslaved person who had been legally freed. Many Roman artisans and business operators were freedmen.SulphurataeSulphur matches or sulphur-tipped fire-sticks mentioned by Martial. In the episode, they appear in a joke about bartering cheap matches for broken glass.MartialA Roman poet and satirist, famous for short, sharp epigrams.CaeciliusThe target of Martial’s insult in the episode.Beyond the TiberA reference to the Transtiberine district. In Roman satire, this could carry associations of poverty, marginality, migrants, freedmen, and lower-status urban life.Float glassModern flat glass made by floating molten glass on molten tin. This is a modern industrial process, not Roman.MicaA mineral that can split into thin, translucent sheets. It was used historically as a light-admitting material.AlabasterA translucent stone that could be cut thinly to admit light before or alongside the use of glass windows.VellumPrepared animal skin. In some contexts, thin animal membranes could be used to admit diffused light.Pliny the ElderRoman author of Natural History. He discusses glass and states that the most prized glass was colourless and transparent, resembling rock crystal.Rock crystalClear quartz. Pliny uses it as a comparison for high-quality colourless glass.BathhouseA major Roman building type that often used glass or other translucent materials to control light, heat, and comfort.PaneA sheet or panel of glass used in a window.Greenish or bluish glassCommon natural tints in Roman glass, often caused by impurities in the raw materials.AnnealingThe controlled cooling of glass to reduce internal stress. If cooling was poorly managed, glass could crack or fail.Buy me a CoffeeBlueskyInstagramFollow:AcastApplePatreonSpotifyMusic Happy harp 6109353 Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
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    10 mins
  • Roman Woodworkers

    Roman Woodworkers
    Jun 7 2026
    In this episode of Build Like a Roman, we look at the Roman carpenter and the wider world of ancient woodworkers. From the faber tignarius, or structural carpenter, to joiners, furniture makers, shipwrights, and military craftsmen, we explore how timber shaped Roman buildings even when the wood itself has long disappeared. This episode covers tools, training, collegia, timber supply, joinery, centring, roofs, and the technical knowledge behind Roman carpentry. ☕ Buy Me a Coffee - https://ko-fi.com/buildlikearomanGlossary – Episode 17: Roman WoodworkersAdze / AsciaA shaping tool with the blade set at right angles to the handle. Roman carpenters used it to square logs, trim beams, and work timber across the grain.CarpentariusOriginally linked to carpentum, a two-wheeled wagon. It gives us the English word “carpenter,” but was closer to wagon-maker than structural carpenter.CarpentumA Roman two-wheeled carriage or wagon.CentringTemporary timber framework used to support arches, vaults, or domes while masonry or concrete was being built and setting.Clavi LigneiWooden pegs or “wooden nails” used to fasten heavy timber joints.CollegiaRoman associations with professional, social, religious, and funerary roles. They were not exactly the same as medieval guilds.Collegia FabrorumAssociations of skilled builders and makers, including carpenters and other technical artisans.DowelA wooden peg used to connect or reinforce pieces of timber.Equisetum / HorsetailA silica-rich plant used as a natural abrasive for smoothing and polishing wood.FaberA skilled maker or technical artisan. The term could apply to several trades, not only carpentry.Faber TignariusA structural carpenter: literally a “maker of beams,” from tignum, meaning structural timber.Faber IntestinariusAn interior joiner responsible for doors, windows, panelling, stairs, ceilings, and fitted woodwork.Faber LectariusA furniture maker, especially associated with couches, beds, and fine domestic woodwork.Faber NavalisA shipwright or ship-builder. Publius Longidienus of Ravenna is an example mentioned in the episode.FabriPlural of faber: skilled makers, craftsmen, or technical workers.Frame Saw / Sega a TelaioA saw with a thin blade tensioned inside a wooden frame, allowing straighter and more controlled cuts.FreedmanA formerly enslaved person who had been manumitted. Many Roman artisans were freedmen.Funerary SteleA stone grave marker. Some Roman artisans used these monuments to display their tools and professional identity.KerfThe cut made by a saw blade. Setting the saw teeth wider than the blade helped prevent jamming.LibellaAn A-frame level with a plumb line, used to check whether a surface was level.Mortise-and-Tenon JointA strong joint where a projecting tenon fits into a matching mortise hole.NormaThe carpenter’s square, used for marking and checking right angles.OfficinaA workshop.Plane / RuncinaA tool used to smooth and level timber surfaces. Roman planes could have iron soles and wedge-held blades.Plumb BobA hanging weight used to establish a vertical line.Putlog HolesHoles left in walls where scaffold beams were inserted during construction.SecurisAn axe, distinct from an adze. The axe cuts more directly with or into the grain.Spring-Pole LatheA lathe powered by a flexible pole and cord, used for turning wooden objects.TignumStructural timber or beam. It is the root of faber tignarius.TornatorA woodturner who shaped timber on a lathe.Tree-Nail / TrenailA large wooden peg used in heavy carpentry and shipbuilding.VeneerA thin sheet of valuable wood glued onto a cheaper or more stable timber base.VigilesRome’s official fire and night-watch service, organised under Augustus.Wattle and DaubA walling system of woven rods covered with earth, clay, or lime-based material.Wood TurnerA specialist who shaped wood on a lathe; in Latin, a tornator.Vitruvius. De Architectura Adam, J-P. (1994). Roman Building: Materials and Techniques.Buy me a CoffeeBlueskyInstagramFollow:AcastApplePatreonSpotifyMusic Happy harp 6109353 Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
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    26 mins
  • The Roman Roofer: Thatch, Stone and Clay

    The Roman Roofer: Thatch, Stone and Clay
    May 28 2026
    Does "Roman Roofs" make you think of red clay tile?Well, one of the most common types of Roman roof was probably thatch.Listen to this weeks episode to learn more about the person who did it. The Roofer.This weeks Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/p/DY5HjhNF_m8/☕ Buy Me a Coffee - https://ko-fi.com/buildlikearomanGlossaryArtisanA skilled craft worker. In this episode, the term refers to the people who physically made, laid, repaired, or finished Roman roofs, rather than the architects or patrons who commissioned buildings.CarpentariusA Latin term connected with carpentum, a carriage or wagon.CarpentumA Roman carriage or wagon.Fired clayClay hardened by heating in a kiln. Roman roof tiles were commonly made of fired clay, especially the familiar tegulaand imbrex system.FlashingA protective strip or sheet, often of lead, used to keep water from entering vulnerable joints in a roof, such as around edges, walls, gutters, or roof intersections. The term is modern, but the principle is relevant to ancient roofing.Freedman / freedwomanA formerly enslaved person who had been manumitted. In Roman craft production, freedmen and freedwomen could remain connected to former owners, workshops, households, or trade networks.Graffiti tileA tile marked before firing with writing, symbols, footprints, or other informal marks. The episode mentions examples of inscribed roof tiles, including tiles associated with enslaved women working in tile production.ImbrexThe curved Roman roof tile placed over the joints between flat tiles. Plural: imbrices. In the standard Roman tile roof, the imbrices cover the seams between rows of tegulae.KilnA high-temperature oven used to fire clay objects such as bricks, roof tiles, and pottery. In tile production, shaped clay tiles were dried first and then fired in a kiln.PlumbariusA Latin term for a worker associated with lead, from plumbum, meaning lead. It is connected to the later word “plumber,” although modern plumbers usually work mostly with other materials.PlumbumLatin for lead. This is the root of English words such as “plumber” and the chemical symbol Pb for lead.RooferA modern English term for a craft worker who installs or repairs roofs. The episode stresses that there is no single, simple Roman equivalent covering every roofing material and roofing task.ScandulaeLatin term for wooden shingles or roofing boards. These would have formed lightweight timber roofing coverings in some regions, though they rarely survive archaeologically.ScandulariusA worker associated with scandulae, or wooden shingles. The term is rare and mainly epigraphic, so its exact occupational meaning should be treated cautiously.SlateA thin, split stone used as a roofing material. The episode uses “slate” broadly for stone roof tiles, noting that stone roofing was part of the wider Roman roofing repertoire.TegulaThe flat Roman roof tile. In a typical Roman tile roof, tegulae formed the main flat covering, with raised edges or joints protected by imbrices.TegulaePlural of tegula. These are the flat tiles in the Roman roof-tile system.TegulariusA Latin occupational term connected with tegula. It may refer to a tile-maker, tile worker, or possibly roofer, but it does not map neatly onto the modern English word “roofer.”TerracottaFired clay, usually reddish or orange in colour. Roman roof tiles are often reconstructed as terracotta, though the episode argues that this was not the only roofing material used.ThatchA roofing material made from plant stems, such as reeds, straw, or long grasses.Tile yardA production area where clay tiles were shaped, dried, trimmed, and prepared for firingSourcesAlan McWhirr and David Viner (1978). “The Production and Distribution of Tiles in Roman Britain with Particular Reference to the Cirencester Region.”Fikret Yegül and Diane Favro (2019). Roman Architecture and Urbanism: From the Origins to Late Antiquity.Peter Warry (2006). “A Dated Typology for Roman Roof-Tiles (Tegulae).”Buy me a CoffeeBlueskyInstagramFollow:AcastApplePatreonSpotifyMusic Happy harp 6109353 Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
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    15 mins
  • The Roman Mosaic Artist: Marble Pixels

    The Roman Mosaic Artist: Marble Pixels
    May 20 2026
    Roman Mosaicist created structural art using 'pixels' of marble. Some were functional and plain, some with standard geometric patterns while others were no less than works of art.Photos of this episode: https://www.instagram.com/p/DYkf7mLF0qd/☕ Buy Me a Coffee - https://ko-fi.com/buildlikearomanGlossaryAedificiumLatin term for a building or structure. Relevant because Roman mosaics were not simply decoration but integrated architectural elements.Bedding LayerThe mortar layer into which tesserae were pressed during installation. Roman mosaicists needed to judge moisture content carefully to achieve proper adhesion and alignment.CubiculumA Roman bedroom or private chamber in a house or villa. Some contained geometric mosaics.DomusAn elite Roman urban house, often decorated with wall paintings and mosaic floors.Emblema (plural: emblemata)A detailed central mosaic panel, often pictorial and sometimes made separately in a workshop before installation on site. These often depicted mythology, theatre scenes, animals, or marine life.Lime MortarMortar made with lime and aggregates such as sand or crushed ceramics. Used in the layered construction beneath mosaics.MusivariusA Roman mosaic specialist, although the term more often appears in Late Roman and Byzantine sources and may sometimes refer to wall and vault mosaics as well as floors.Opus MusivumA Latin term associated with mosaic work, especially decorative mosaic surfaces.Opus SigninumA waterproof floor material made from crushed ceramic (usually tile) mixed with lime mortar. Often used as a subfloor beneath mosaics or as a finished floor in less wealthy buildings.Opus TessellatumThe most common Roman mosaic technique, using relatively standard-sized tesserae to create images or patterns.Opus VermiculatumA highly detailed mosaic technique using very small tesserae, especially for central pictorial panels (emblemata). The name refers to the worm-like flowing lines created around figures.Patron / Client RelationshipRoman building and decorative work often operated through patronage. Wealthy property owners commissioned artisan teams for decorative programmes.PavimentumLatin for a paved floor. Could refer to stone paving, mortar floors, or mosaic surfaces.PozzolanaVolcanic ash that could create hydraulic mortar when mixed with lime. More common in Italy than Britain, but important in Roman mortar technology generally. Roman VillaA rural elite residence. Villas in Britain frequently contained mosaics, especially dining rooms (triclinia) and bath suites.StatumenThe lowest structural layer beneath a Roman floor, typically compacted stone.RudusA compacted layer of coarse mortar and rubble placed above the statumen.NucleusA finer mortar layer placed beneath the visible mosaic surface, providing an even bed for tesserae.Tessella / TesseraeSmall pieces of stone, ceramic, glass, or marble used to create mosaics. Although often called “mosaic tiles” today, they are not tiles in the modern sense.TessellariusA mosaic worker or installer, often associated specifically with floor mosaics.TricliniumA Roman dining room. Wealthy triclinia frequently had elaborate mosaics intended to impress guests.Workshop (Officina)An artisan working group. Mosaic workshops likely included designers, stone cutters, apprentices, mortar labourers, and senior installers.Sources:Adam Rogers (2015). The Archaeology of Roman Britain: Biography and Identity. London: Routledge. David S. Neal (1981). Roman Mosaics in Britain. London: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies.David S. Neal and Stephen R. Cosh (2002–2010). Roman Mosaics of Britain. 4 vols. London: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies.Roger Ling (1998). Ancient Mosaics. London: British Museum Press.Buy me a CoffeeBlueskyInstagramFollow:AcastApplePatreonSpotifyMusic Happy harp 6109353 Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
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    13 mins
  • The Roman Blacksmith: Making Metal

    The Roman Blacksmith: Making Metal
    May 12 2026
    Roman Blacksmiths, Faber Ferrarius were at the heart of Roman construction. Without them, life would have been so much more difficult, not only for the masons, carpenters, plasterers an so on, but basically for everyone.This episode looks at how they worked. GlossaryAnvilA heavy iron block used as a working surface for shaping hot metal with hammersBellowsA leather-and-wood device used to force air into a fire, increasing temperature. Essential for ironworking and smelting.BloomA porous lump of iron produced in a bloomery furnace. It contained iron mixed with slag and impurities and required further hammering and refining before use.Bloomery ProcessThe main ancient method of producing iron. Iron ore and charcoal were heated together in a furnace with forced air from bellows to chemically reduce the ore into metallic iron.CarburisationA process where iron is heated in a carbon-rich environment, allowing carbon to diffuse into the surface and create steel-like properties.CharcoalWood heated in low oxygen conditions to produce a cleaner, hotter-burning fuel than ordinary wood. Widely used in ancient metalworking.CokeA carbon-rich fuel derived from coal. Common in later historical blacksmithing, though not normally associated with the Roman period.CollegiaRoman professional associations or organised groups connected with trades, religion, burial arrangements, and civic identity.Cramp / ClampAn iron fixing used to connect masonry blocks together. Often sealed in lead to reduce corrosion and movement.Crucible SteelHigh-carbon steel produced in sealed ceramic crucibles. Ancient Indian crucible steel later became associated with “wootz” and Damascus steel.Damascus SteelA later Middle Eastern steel famous for patterned blades, often produced using imported crucible steel ingots from India or Central Asia.Diodorus SiculusA 1st-century BC Greek historian who described iron production on the island of Elba.FabricaeLarge Roman military workshops used for manufacturing and repairing weapons, tools, armour, and equipment.Faber FerrariusLatin term meaning “iron worker” or blacksmith.FerrumLatin word for iron.FreedmanA formerly enslaved person who had legally obtained freedom.GaulThe Roman name for the region broadly corresponding to modern France and surrounding areas.HammermanA worker whose main role involved striking and shaping hot metal with hammers during forging operations.Hematite (Fe₂O₃)A common iron ore consisting mainly of iron oxide.Julius PolluxA 2nd-century AD Greek scholar who compiled the Onomasticon, a technical vocabulary of crafts, tools and professions.Limonite / Meadow OreA low-grade iron ore formed in bogs and wetlandsMagnetite (Fe₃O₄)A naturally magnetic iron oreMartensiteA very hard crystalline structure formed in steel during rapid cooling or quenching.MetallurgyThe extraction, refinement and working of metals.OreNaturally occurring rock containing useful metal compounds.QuenchingRapid cooling of hot metal, usually in water or oil, to alter hardness and strength.ReductionA chemical process in which oxygen is removed from metal ore during smelting, leaving metallic iron behind.Seric IronA term used in classical sources for highly valued eastern iron or steel imports. Some scholars associate it with early Indian crucible steel.SlagWaste material and impurities separated from metal during smelting and forging.SwageA shaped metalworking tool used to form or finish metal during forging.Wootz SteelA type of ancient Indian crucible steel known for high carbon content and excellent cutting performance. Often associated with later Damascus steel.Wrought IronLow-carbon iron worked by hammering and forging. Tougher and softer than steel.Primary SourcesThe Digest of JustinianNatural History - Pliny the ElderVitruvius. Ten Books on ArchitectureAdam Rogers (2015). The Archaeology of Roman Britain: Biography and Identity. London: Routledge.Buy me a CoffeeBlueskyInstagramFollow:AcastApplePatreonSpotifyMusic Happy harp 6109353 Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
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    12 mins
  • Not an Episode, An End of Series Update

    Not an Episode, An End of Series Update
    Apr 23 2026

    Series one has finished. What's coming up in series 2?


    Here is a brief description of what's coming up in series two (and three) as well as a little about the first series.


    Thank you for your support in producing this podcast!


    Patreon https://www.patreon.com/cw/BuildLikeARoman


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    2 mins
  • Introducing the Build Like an Egyptian series from Build Like an Ancient

    Introducing the Build Like an Egyptian series from Build Like an Ancient
    Apr 16 2026

    Introducing the first episode of "Build like an Egyptian" series from "Build Like an Ancient".


    Apple

    https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/build-like-an-ancient/id1887035779


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    https://open.spotify.com/show/312nAy9fvUvZaQbc2TWbFm?si=LF-PiVspT_mxLtZB9Bd-wA


    The Egyptians - Mud Men and the First Monuments!


    To the surprise of many people, the ancient Egyptians built far more in sun dried mud-brick, than they ever id in monumental stone.


    See our photos on Instagram for this episode https://www.instagram.com/p/DW2YHHJiBpC


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_of_Djoser


    Technical Glossary: Egyptian Mudbrick & Plaster

    •Db.t: The Egyptian word for mudbrick. Often written with the brick determinative. Refers to the material itself, not just the shape.

    •Hib: Egyptian term for a refined clay plaster, often mixed with powdered limestone. Smoother and brighter than plain mud plaster.

    •Mastaba: Arabic for "bench." The modern term for the flat-topped, rectangular tombs of the Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom periods.

    •Battered wall: A wall that slopes inward as it rises. Increases stability and sheds water.

    •Nile alluvium: The clay-rich silt deposited by the annual Nile flood. The base material for mudbrick.

    •Temper: Material (sand, straw, chaff) added to clay to reduce shrinkage and improve drying.

    •Gypsum plaster: A plaster made from calcined gypsum (calcium sulphate). The dominant finishing plaster in Pharaonic Egypt due to low firing temperature and suitability in dry climates.

    •Lime plaster: Plaster made from calcined limestone (calcium oxide). Requires higher firing temperatures (700-900°C). Rare before the Ptolemaic period.

    •Stratigraphy: In plaster analysis, the sequence of layers. Egyptian plasters show deliberate layering: coarse mud base, fine clay levelling, gypsum finish.

    •Silt (The Bulk): This is the "Goldilocks" particle size—smaller than sand but larger than clay. It provides the volume.

    •Clay (The Binder): Pure Nile silt actually contains about 30% to 50% clay. This is the "glue." Without the clay content, the bricks would just crumble into dust once they dried.

    •Organic Matter: The Nile "mud" was rich in decomposed plant matter, which acted as a natural plasticiser, making the mix easier to mould. It also helped (marginally) with tensile strength


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    19 mins
  • Roman Frescoes: Not Just a Pretty Face

    Roman Frescoes: Not Just a Pretty Face
    Apr 14 2026
    So what is a Fresco?There were several types, most of which, most people haven't heard of.Would you be surprised that many of the Roman frescos that we "Ohh" and "Ahhh" over today, were considered ridiculous and tacky, but some Roman authorities of the time?Listen to this episode and learn something new about Roman Frescoes.Photos of this episode: https://www.instagram.com/p/DXIBSuVl-4T/☕ Buy Me a Coffee - https://ko-fi.com/buildlikearomanGlossary for this episodeA seccoPainting carried out on dry plaster, using a binder such as glue, egg, or wax to help the pigment adhere. It allows finer detail than true fresco, but is less durable.AlbarariiRoman plasterers who applied and polished the fine white finishing coats on walls and ceilings.Buon fresco“True fresco.” Pigment mixed with water is applied to fresh lime plaster while it is still damp and setting, so the colour bonds into the wall surface itself.CalciteA mineral form of calcium carbonate.FrescoA general term often used loosely for wall paintingFresco seccoLiterally “dry fresco.” Another way of saying painting done on dry plaster rather than into a fresh lime surface.Hybrid fresco-secco workflowThe combination of a durable fresco base with additional details painted later in secco. This seems to have been common in Roman wall painting.InsulaeRoman apartment blocksLimeThe key binding material in Roman plaster and mortar. It was central to both construction and decoration.Lime washA thin coating of lime, often tinted, used to brighten or colour a wall. It could be simple, economical, and very common.Marble aggregateSmall crushed marble fragments used in fine Roman plasters to improve finish, density, and sheen.Mezzo frescoA term used for painting onto plaster that is no longer freshly wet but still damp enough to take pigment.MosaicA floor or wall surface made from small pieces of stone, glass, or ceramic. In Roman interiors, mosaics often worked visually with painted walls.Pictor imaginariusA specialist painter, especially one responsible for more refined or figurative wall painting.PigmentThe colouring material used in paint. Roman pigments could be cheap local earths or imported luxury substances.PlasterA coating of lime mixed with sand, marble dust, or other aggregates, applied in layers to walls and ceilings. In Roman interiors it formed the decorative skin of the building.PozzolanaVolcanic ash used in Roman mortars and concrete. More associated with structural work than fine painted plaster, but part of the broader Roman lime technology.SandiariiWorkers involved in transporting or handling sand and other raw materials used in plaster and mortar preparation.SinopiaA red ochre underdrawing or marking-out method. The term is often associated with later painting practice, though marking-out techniques in general were also used by the Romans.String lineA line snapped or pressed onto a plaster surface to guide straight borders, panels, or architectural designs.StuccoIn the Roman ContextFine decorative plasterTrompe l’oeilA painting technique designed to “fool the eye” by creating the illusion of depth, architecture, or open space on a flat surface.VitruviusRoman architect and authorWhitewash / whitewashingA simple lime-based coating used to whiten and brighten walls. In Roman interiors this could be a finished surface in its own right or a base for further decoration.Sources:Vitruvius, De Architectura (Book VII)Pliny the Elder, Natural History (Book XXXV)August Mau, Pompeii: Its Life and Art (1899)Roger Ling, Roman Painting (1991)Donatella Mazzoleni & Umberto Pappalardo, Domus: Wall Painting in the Roman HouseBuy me a CoffeeBlueskyInstagramFollow:AcastApplePatreonSpotifyMusic Happy harp 6109353 Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
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    13 mins