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Dolley Madison (1768 to 1849) born Dolley Payne, was the fourth first lady of the United States and wife of James Madison, founding father and fourth president of the United States. Madison is now most famous for holding large Washington social functions to which members of both political parties where invited. Dolley Madison, essentially, helped create the concept of bipartisan cooperation and furthered the idea that both parties could socialize, debate, and negotiate with each other amicably and without descending into violence.

Cornelius Vanderbilt (1794 to 1877) was an American business magnate whose wealth and significance was rooted in the shipping industry and the development of railroads. Cornelius was also the patriarch of the extremely wealthy influential Vanderbilt family. During the 1850s and beyond, Vanderbilt took an interest in various US railroads, and bought, invested in, and developed various railroad routes, not only earning a vast amount of wealth but also, as some historians have stated, expanded America’s transportation infrastructure, transforming the very geography of the United States.

The University of Kentucky is an educational institution with a 150-year old history. It's also the headquarters of "Big Blue Nation", UK's network of alumni and fans who bleed the school colors blue and white. UK boasts a solid academic record, but most people know it for its fanatical sports fans cheering on their Wildcats in basketball and football.

In 2017, the 29th Sultan of Brunei, Hassanl Bolkiah, celebrated his Golden Jubilee, marking his 50th year in power. Bolkiah negotiated Brunei's independence from the British Empire in 1978, a freedom which they achieved in 1984. The first sultan to also serve as Prime Minister, Bolkiah has ruled over this prosperous nation ever since. He is officially the world's wealthiest monarch thanks to his country's oil and gas reserves. Whether you know him for his extravagant lifestyle or his political work establishing Shari'ah Law, the Sultan of Brunei is a powerful leader.

Fred Astaire, 1899 to 1987, born Frederick Austerlitz, was an icon and extremely influential American dancer, singer, actor, and choreographer. Although Astaire refused dance lessons at first, he quickly picked up choreography and showed himself to be a natural talent; he also began learning various instruments. Overall, Astaire’s stage and film and television career spanned 76 years. Astaire starred in more than 10 Broadway musicals, over 30 musical films, and numerous television specials, radio specials, and recordings.

Bob Hope (1903-2003) born Leslie Townes Hope, was an American comedian whose career spanned 78 years. During Hope’s long career, he achieved recognition as a stand-up comedian, a vaudevillian, an actor, a singer and dancer, an author, and even an athlete.

Cleopatra was the last Egyptian pharaoh who ruled over Egypt, though her leadership was fraught with peril and political intrigue from the Greco-Roman sphere. She was the only member of her Greek family who bothered to learn the language of her people, and this dedication to the good of Egypt would be reflected in the way she ruled.

San Francisco’s history precedes its name by several thousands of years. Though Europeans had settled in other parts of California much earlier, it wasn’t until 1769 that they stumbled upon the bay area. When the Spanish first arrived, they were floored by its natural beauty, which had been carefully maintained by its longtime residents, the Ohlone Indians.

Queen Victoria, 1819 to 1901, was the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland from 1837 until her death, and is one of the most widely recognised rulers in British history. Queen Victoria’s 63 year rule (a rule longer than any of her predecessors) coincided with an era of monumental changes and developments in industry, politics, science, and culture as well as the vast expansion of the British Empire across the globe; most significant of all being Britain’s colonial activity in India, so much so Queen Victoria earned the title of Empress of India in 1876.

In March 2019, Special Counsel Robert S. Mueller, III, submitted the first part of his lengthy report on Russian involvement in the United States presidential election in 2016. Although Mueller discovered Russia had influenced the election, he found no evidence of conspiracy between the Russian government and Trump's advisers. In60Learning's six-chapter guide will quickly get you up to speed with Mueller's conspiracy investigation, and his findings with respect to Trump's obstruction of justice.

Considered by many to be the Father of Western Philosophy, the life of this great philosopher is shrouded in mystery. He would study under the renown Plato and along with Socrates is responsible for making the ideas of the late, great philosopher known to the world. Aristotle would ascribe views on science that would be held as gospel throughout the Middle Ages and his thoughts on the nature of existence continue to influence great minds today.

Today, Brooklyn is New York's largest and arguably most vibrant borough, with a diversity of culture and sights that draw millions of people to it everywhere. How did this borough, which was a Dutch marshland in the early 1600s, come to be the place it is today? Trace from the 1600s to modern day and explore Brooklyn's role after English takeover, during the Civil War, the monumental construction of the Brooklyn Bridge, and the variety of peoples who make up its demographics.

People often think of feminism as a modern movement, born out of voting rights debates in the 1920s. But strong women have been fighting for equality in society since the start, as evidenced by Olympe de Gouges, the French revolutionary writer who would die by the guillotine due to the radical nature of her work.

Get smarter in just 60 minutes with in60Learning. Concise and elegantly written nonfiction books and audiobooks help you learn the core subject matter in 20% of the time that it takes to read a typical book. Life is short, so explore a multitude of fascinating historical, biographical, scientific, political, and financial topics in only an hour each.

Ayn Rand is one of the most famous contemporary philosophers, particularly for her landmark books The Fountainhead and Atlas Shrugged. She was the founder of Objectivist Philosophy which was largely rejected during her time but has recently enjoyed a huge surge in popularity among many political groups. Her works focused on free market capitalism and intense individual and property rights. Ironically, the woman who prized individualism above all else, and rejected all government support, rose to prominence and then ended her life surviving off of social programs.

Pericles was a statesmen, general, and speaker during the Golden Age of Athens. His impact on the city-state would be so great that Thucydides, an honored historian, would refer to him as the city's First Citizen. In what would be titled the "Age of Pericles", he would turn the Delian League from an alliance to an Athenian Empire and foster the arts and sciences within his country more than any leader had before him. He is responsible for starting the great projects of Athens, like the Acropolis and Parthenon, which can still be seen in their glory today.

Mata Hari paints a fascinating picture: an exotic dancer turned spy, eventually executed for her devious work during World War I. Her life, however, reveals a much different story. She would make a living as a dancer and exhibitionist, as well as through lifelong habit of telling wild tales about herself that sold well to the papers. Whether or not she was a true spy or was simply framed in the fallout of the War is almost impossible to ascertain, and leaves the listener wondering - who really was this woman, and can we ever know?

Agatha Christie remains, all these years later, the unchallenged queen of the murder-mystery genre. What life could produce the woman who seems to be the clear inspiration for J.B. Fletcher in Murder, She Wrote? Follow Christie from England to Egypt and back again, join her on archaeological digs with her husband and dive into strange facts that led to her to write fewer books as she aged.

The world remembers Audrey Meadows as the sarcastic Alice from The Honeymooners. The show only aired for one 39-episode season, yet a strategic clause in Meadows' contract earned her a fortune over the years for the series' reruns. While The Honeymooners marks the most well-known part of Meadows' life, it represents just a fragment.

The conflict lasted less than two years, but the repercussions shook both nations for much longer. Having already lost Texas, the still newly independent Mexico was unprepared to defend their northern territories. The US plowed forward through to California with a sense of manifest destiny. While the US fought to gain more land, however, the war splintered the North and South; many Americans saw the war as an unjust theft of Mexican land and knew that the South’s reliance on slave labor would further establish this divisive injustice in America.